Although she later recanted this confession, she and her sister Catherine were widely considered discredited, and died in poverty. They believe that spirit mediums are gifted to carry on such communication, but that anyone may become a medium through study and practice. [55], Another well-known medium was the Scottish materialization medium Helen Duncan (1897–1956). [citation needed], Spiritism differs from Spiritualism primarily in that it believes in reincarnation.

[citation needed] The official Spiritist community there has about 20 million followers,[citation needed] although some elements of spiritism are more broadly accepted and practiced in various ways by three times as many people across the country.

Hoskins, Janet Alison 2015. Lucchetti G, Daher JC Jr, Iandoli D Jr, Gonçalves JP, Lucchetti AL.

[3] By the late 1880s the credibility of the informal movement had weakened due to accusations of fraud perpetrated by mediums, and formal spiritualist organizations began to appear. After that date, no further communication from him was received by an associate whom he had recruited for the purpose.[37].

[2][3], Spiritualists often set March 31, 1848, as the beginning of their movement. [23] Es kam zu Anklagen und Verurteilungen wegen Betrugs, wobei besonders der Fall Anna Rothe (verurteilt 1903) landesweit ein erhebliches Echo in der Presse fand, da Rothe zuvor über etliche Jahre in vielen deutschen Städten sowie in Wien, Zürich und Paris aufgetreten war und sich dabei eine begeisterte Anhängerschaft erworben hatte. [33], The Catechism of the Catholic Church (paragraph 2117) states that "Spiritism often implies divination or magical practices; the Church for her part warns the faithful against it".

Mai 2020 um 19:31 Uhr bearbeitet. [32], During the interwar period a new form of criticism of Spiritism developed.

Material life is a trial which they have to undergo many times until they have attained to absolute perfection", "A spirit's successive corporeal existences are always progressive, and never retrograde; but the rapidity of our progress depends on the efforts we make to arrive at the perfection. As Kathryn Troy notes in a study of Indian ghosts in seances: Undoubtedly, on some level Spiritualists recognized the Indian spectres that appeared at seances as a symbol of the sins and subsequent guilt of the United States in its dealings with Native Americans. [9], Franz Anton Mesmer (May 23, 1734 – March 5, 1815) discovered what he called magnétisme animal (animal magnetism),[citation needed] which became known as mesmerism. They involve a short lecture followed by some interactive participation of the attendees.

[45], In the 1920s many "psychic" books were published of varied quality. He claimed he was directed by the Lord Jesus Christ to reveal the doctrines of his second coming. In der Presse und in wissenschaftlichen Kreisen stieß Zöllner überwiegend auf teils heftige Kritik.

Durch den deutschen Idealismus wurde der Begriff Geist als Kollektivsingular innerhalb des deutschsprachigen Diskurses bekannt. Some appropriate new age and neo-pagan beliefs, while others call themselves "Christian spiritualists", continuing with the tradition of cautiously incorporating spiritualist experiences into their Christian faith.

p. 15, 36, 45, 51,63. ; Detroit Woman Awaits Message, but Denies Any Compact", https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20191001-how-spiritualism-influenced-modern-art, https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/21/arts/art-view-how-the-spiritual-infused-the-abstract.html, "Spiritualism: Innocent Beliefs to Scientific Curiosity", "Scientific investigation and Religious Uncertainty 1880–1900", Supernatural Entertainments: Victorian Spiritualism and the Rise of Modern Media Culture, Socialist Religion and the Emergence of Occultism: A Genealogical Approach to Socialism and Secularization in 19th-Century France, Sozialismus, Katholizisimus und Okkultismus im Frankreich des 19.

[11] However, in 1888 the Fox sisters admitted that this "contact" with the spirit was a hoax, though shortly afterward they recanted that admission. Theosophy and Spiritualism were both very popular metaphysical schools of thought especially in the early 20th century and thus were always clashing in their different beliefs. The good spirits try to lead us into the right road, sustain us under the trials of life, and aid us to bear them with courage and resignation; the bad ones tempt us to evil: it is a pleasure for them to see us fall, and to make us like themselves. Theosophy is in opposition to the spiritualist interpretation of evolution. Founded in London in 1862, its focus was the scientific study of alleged paranormal activities in order to prove (or refute) the existence of paranormal phenomena. [1] Theosophy teaches a metaphysical theory of evolution mixed with human devolution. The celebrated New York City physician, John Franklin Gray, was a prominent spiritualist. Regional and national organizations are called federations[citation needed], such as the Federação Espírita Brasileira[25] and the Federación Espírita Española;[26] international organizations are called unions[citation needed], such as the Union Spirite Française et Francophone.

[citation needed], The five chief points of the Spiritism are:[20][21], The central tenet of Spiritism is the belief in spiritual life.

The Spiritualism also influenced art, having a pervasive influence on artistic consciousness, with spiritualist art having a huge impact on what became modernism and therefore art today. Bald traten auch andernorts solche Medien auf, hauptsächlich im evangelikal geprägten Nordosten der USA, und auf dem Höhepunkt dieser Welle um 1855 sollen eine bis mehrere Millionen US-Amerikaner von der Realität der angeblichen Geisterbeschwörungen überzeugt gewesen sein.

[28] The skeptic Joseph McCabe, in his book Is Spiritualism Based on Fraud?

Spiritualists do not accept the devolution of the theosophists. Jahrhunderts, The question: "If a man die, shall he live again?"

There was a great deal of professional showmanship inherent to demonstrations of Mesmerism, and the practitioners who lectured in mid-19th-century North America sought to entertain their audiences as well as to demonstrate methods for personal contact with the divine.

But those who believe this, and desire to do so, are not aware that it is associated with danger to their souls.

", "Spirits are incessantly in relation with men. [3], Another famous woman Spiritualist was Achsa W. Sprague, who was born November 17, 1827, in Plymouth Notch, Vermont. Kardec's Spiritism: Home for Healing and Spiritual Evolution - Emma Bragdon, PhD, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Apocalypse Explained #1182 (Tansley (1952)) - New Christian Bible Study", "Heaven and Hell #249 (Dole (2000)) - New Christian Bible Study", "Federação Espírita Brasileira / FEB - Conteúdo espírita em artigos, notícias, estudo, pesquisa, especialmente para você", "Federación Espírita Española - Espiritismo", "Parapsicologia no Brasil: Entre a cruz e a mesa branca", "Crítica: Filme sobre Allan Kardec atrai apenas os iniciados no espiritismo", National Spiritualist Association of Churches, Spiritualist Association of Great Britain, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritism&oldid=983237587, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from June 2014, All articles needing additional references, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2014, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2014, Articles with failed verification from April 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "God is eternal, immutable, immaterial, unique, all powerful, sovereignly just and good. (1920), documented many fraudulent mediums and their tricks. ", "The soul possessed its own individuality before its incarnation; it preserves that individuality after its separation from the body. Das Wort Geister wurde in dieser Zeit vor allem dadurch bekannt, dass es als Übersetzung verschiedener griechischer Wörter genutzt wurde, ohne einen direkten deutschsprachigen Inhalt zu haben. After 1848, many socialists became ardent spiritualists or occultists. Until his death, Kardec continued to address these issues in various books and in his periodical, the Revue Spirite. (Ähnliche Debatten hatte es zuvor schon in Großbritannien gegeben, wobei der Chemiker William Crookes und der Naturforscher Alfred Russel Wallace eine ähnliche Rolle spielten wie Zöllner. Spiritualism developed and reached its peak growth in membership from the 1840s to the 1920s, especially in English-speaking countries. Jahrhunderts aufgeteilt, sodass auf der einen Seite der Geistbegriff innerhalb der Philosophie unter anderem als Weltgeist, Zeitgeist oder Volksgeist im Diskurs vorkam. ", "A spirit is not an abstract, undefined being, only to be conceived of by our thought; it is a real, circumscribed being, which, in certain cases, is appreciable by the senses of sight, hearing, and touch. Spiritualist camp meetings were located most densely in New England, but were also established across the upper Midwest. Its motto: "Towards God through wisdom and love."

[49][50], The British medium William Eglinton (1857–1933) claimed to perform spiritualist phenomena such as movement of objects and materializations. These two beliefs—that contact with spirits is possible, and that spirits are more advanced than humans—lead spiritualists to a third belief: that spirits are capable of providing useful knowledge about moral and ethical issues, as well as about the nature of God.

Zöllner betrachtete dies als empirische Bestätigungen seiner schon länger gehegten Annahme einer vierten Dimension des Raumes und publizierte 1878/79 ausführliche Berichte über diese Experimente, an welche er die Hypothese anschloss, dass geistige Wesen aus der vierten Dimension die beobachteten Phänomene hervorgerufen hätten. These reformers were uncomfortable with more prominent churches because those churches did little to fight slavery and even less to advance the cause of women's rights.[3].

To theosophy humanity starts in a state of perfection (see Golden age) and falls into a process of progressive materialization (devolution), developing the mind and losing the spiritual consciousness. Kardec's research was influenced by the Fox sisters and the use of talking boards. [28], Spiritism has adherents in many countries, including Canada, Britain, France, Germany, Jamaica, Japan, Portugal, Spain, United States, and particularly in Latin American countries such as Argentina, Uruguay, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Brazil, which has the largest proportion and greatest number of followers. On investigation, all these things were found to be products of trickery.

John Patrick Deveney: Spiritualism, in: Wouter J. Hanegraaff (ed. [2][3], According to Spiritualists, anyone may receive spirit messages, but formal communication sessions (séances) are held by mediums, who claim thereby to receive information about the afterlife.[2]. [citation needed] Thus, some Spiritists see themselves as not adhering to a religion, but to a philosophical doctrine with a scientific fulcrum and moral grounds.